The house

Mankind did not invent anything, nature found it ages ago. The chrysalis or the cocoon of the silkworm and orther caterpillars of butterfly is the best example. The marmot which bury itself for the whole winter while outside is -25°C : snwo insulates as well as polystyrene and the marmot is outside-insulated by several meters of snow. And all the small mammals which live in the bottom of a burrow to protect thermselves from predators as well as to keep their brood warm.

Let's also mention the chalets in high mountains. Mountain men lived thery enclosed with their herd which they use as a low temperature heating, and they were outside-insulated by a layer of 2 meters of snow under which the chalets were completely shroud. Let's signal out the farm of our country, exposed full south, insulated est and west by the sties and the stables, and at the north by the lean-to for the wood, with a ceiling made of cob of straw (excellent insulating) and a granary with hay and cereals in inside.

Then outside insulating one's house, it means traditionnaly contruction like decades ago and wrap it up inside insulating.
As you can observe on the opposite sketch, there is no more thermal bridges.There can not be anymore thermal briges.

Remains the sole of the foundations, it is at least at 80 cm of depth, it never freezes, there is no wind, and if we want to be perfectionnist, we can cast the soles on 4 to 5 cm of styrodur or other compact insulating material which bears widely the same pressure than the soil of the basement.

Remains also the windows, or more exaclty the thresholds of the windows and above all the French doors and the doors. If we do not beware of it, we will get awesome thermal bridges, nevertheless localises to the openings and not on the whole periphery of the construction at the straight of each tile.
It is the only delicat point of the construction. We will get back to this.

Let's see the walls, they are hot, they are thus dry and less conductor of the heat than when they are humid. They radiate the heat they are brought. In summer, they are not in the sun thus keeping the coolness of the night. The house behaves like a cave : tepid in winter, cool in summer. It is the cave of the caveman, the burrow of the marmot, the cocoon of the silkworm.
A soft heat spreads in the walls which radiate in any directions which brings a thermal comfort unequalled.
Thermal bridges became our allies : the drive the heat from the tile into the walls. It can't be found better radiators : big, low temperature, conductor, big inertia. That is why the heating screed must not be too much insulated regarding the load-bearing tile, but the load-bearing tile must be well insulated regarding outside. Inversing the technique inverses all the relations and must inverse the mentalities and the aprioris.

Only by suppressing the thermal bridges as we demonstrated precedently, and as the curves from the CSTP show, the insulation coeffeicient is twice better than for an inside insulation. By insulating seriously the screeds and by insulating the thresholds, we multiply, as we will see further, the coefficient per three, which allows, with a good security margin, to divided the power of the heating installation per two, thus to decrease significantly its price.
The fact that the house is particularly not greedy in heating energy allows also to fully profit of the outer contributions, for instance in winter when there is sun. The latter heats the tiling which then propagates this heat in the house, through the screed and the water which circulates in the heating circuit. During good days, we can retrieve up to about 5 kWh per m², with 5 m² of windows well exposed it suffices to heat the house.
A heating source that we often forget to mention are the beings. A marmot or a rabbit from the Groenland has not heating installation in his burrow. You certainly noticed that when there is a drink in your company, when coming in the meeting room, with cool weather, it is cold. Half an hour later, windows are wide open and some say : alcohol warms up. It is not the alcohol but those who consume it. Each of us dissipates about 2.5 kWh per day for a calm activity. When it is cold about 12°C, for persons, a bit of cooking and few lit light bulbs are sufficient to heat the house. Do not forget that the VMC double flux participates also to the conservation of the heat.
The bread oven, the pizza oven, thanks to their massive wrapping conserve and spread heat.
Outside insulated walls, thanks to their inertia and to their conductivity, conserve and spread a soft and isotropic heat, in summer they keep a comfortable freshness. It is the opposite of inside insulation which does not have any inertia and any conductivity.

Air being heated at low temperature by the walls, conserves its hygrometric degree and thus its conductivity, which allow a small gap of temperature between the air and the walls, and to have a good balance of the thermal exchanges by radiation and convection. This equilibrium is the basis of thermal comfort.